References
[1]. Abbass, I.M., (2012). No Retreat No Surrender Conflict for Survival Between Fulani Pastoralists and Farmers in
Northern Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, January (ed) Vol. 8, No.1
[2]. Abdulbarkindo, A., and Alupse, B., (2015). Migration and violent conflict in divided Societies: Non-Boko Haram
violence against Christians in the Middle Belt Region of Nigeria. Nigeria conflict security Analysis Network (NCSAN),
working paper No. 1, Abuja, Nigeria, pp.1-49
[3]. Adeoye, N.O., (2017). Land use conflict between farmers and herdsmen in parts of Kano, Borno and Yobe States of
Nigeria: Nomadic "viewpoints". Ghana Journal of Geography, 9(1); 127- 151
[4]. Adebayo, O.O., and Olaniyi, O.A., (2008). Factors associated with pastoral and crop farmers conflicts on
agricultural extension service delivery in Oyo State, Journal of Agricultural Extension, 19(2), 59-70
[5]. Adelakan, I.O., (1998). Hydrological Implications of Inter Annual rainfall Variation in Northern Nigeria: The
Case of Chad Basin in Hydrology in a Changing Environment Vol.1, proceedings of British Hydrological society, John wiley
and sons London.
[6]. Adelakum, O.E., Adurogbangba, B., and Akinbile, L.A., (2015). Socioeconomic effects of farmers- pastoralists
conflicts on agricultural extension service delivery in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 19(2), 59-
70.
[7]. Ahmadu, H.J., (2011). Farmer-Herder Conflict: Exploring the Causes and Management Approaches in the Lake Chad
Region, Nigeria. A Ph.D Dissertation Submitted to College of Law, Government and International Studies, University of
Utara Malaysia
[8]. Ahmadu, H.J., and Yusof, R., (2012). The Dynamics of Resource Conflict: Lessons From Nigeria and Malaysia.
College of Law, Government and Internation Studies (COLGIS) University of Utara Malaysia (UUM), 06010 Sintok, Kedah,
Malaysia
[9]. Ajadike, J.C., (2017). The crux of farmers and herdsmen conflict in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental issues and
agriculture in developing countries, Vol. 9 N0.1. April/2017/34
[10]. Ajadike, J.C., (2015). Some Verifiable Evidence of Climate Change with Special Reference to Nigeria. UNIZIK
Journal of Geography, Meteorology and Environment 1 (1) 75
[11]. Alao, H.T., (2008). How Desertification Climate Change Impact and Nigeria's Development Agenda. The Guardian,
Nigeria, Daily Newspaper, p.33
[12]. Aliyu, A.S., (2015). Causes and resolution of conflict between cattle herders and crop farmers in Kasina State.
A postgraduate M.Sc. Dissertation by the School of postgraduate studies. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria pp. 1-33
[13]. Azeez, O., and Ufo, O., (2015). Desperate Guest, Unwilling Hosts: Climate-induced Migration and Farmer-Herder
Conflicts in Southwestern Nigeria.
[14]. Blech, R., (2004). Natural Resource Conflict in North-central Nigeria: A Handbook of case studies. Cambridge,
U.K: Mallam Dendo Ltd.
[15]. Burton, S.D., (2016). Background report: The Fulani herdsmen. Project Cyma Publication. November, 2016, pp.1-18
Calzolaio, V., (2008). "Security water resources for water scarce ecosystems" UNCCD, 5.
[16]. Davidheiser, M., and Luna, A.M., (2008). From complimentarily to conflict: A Historic Analysis of Farmer-Fulbe
Relations in West Africa. African Journal on conflict Resolution, Vol. 8(1) 2008:pp. 77-104
[17]. FAO (2011). Pastoralism and Rangeland Management. www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1861e/i12861e .pdf.Accessed 12 April.
2017
[18]. Francis, D., (2006). "Peace and conflict studies: An African overview of Basic Concepts" in S.G. Best (edu)
introduction to peace and conflict studies in West Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.p117
[19]. Franlkin, E., and Ruth, E.A., (2005). As pastoralists settle: New York (NY, USA): Kluwer Academic/plenum
publisher, pp.29-52.
[20]. Herrero, S., (2006). Desertification and environmental security. The case of conflict between farmers and
herders in the arid environments of the Sahel. In: Kepner, W.G., Rubio, J.L., Muant, D.D., and Padrazzini, F., (eds):
Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A security issue; pp. 109- 132. NATO security through science series C.
Environmental security.
[21]. Hendrix, C., and Glaser, S., (2007). Trends and Triggers: Climate change and civil conflict in sub-Saharan
Africa. Political Geography, Vol. 26 Issue 6, August, pp.695-715.
[22]. Hussein, K.J., Sumber, p., and Seddon, D., (2000). Increasing Violent Conflict Between Herders and Farmers in
Africa: Claims and evidence development policy review 17:297-418
[23]. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute): (2006). Exploring farmer-herder Relations and conflict
management in Niger http://www.ilri.org/ilrinews/index.php/archie ves/474
[24]. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change): (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and
Vulnerability http://panelwww.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/.
[25]. Japenter, S., Jurgen, S., and Michael, L., (2010). Climate change and land use conflicts in Northern Africa.
Nova Acta Leopoldina NF 112, Nr. 384, 173-182
[26]. Jereme, O.G., and Are, K., (2012). Conflict in Common Property Resource Use: Experiences from an Irrigation
Project. P.3
[27]. Malcon, F. And Adeleke, O., (2016). Why the Fulani Herdsmen and Farmers Fight: How climate change and the Boko
Haram crisis created the crisis.
[28]. Mayah, E.,Tukur, S. And Adebayo, H.,(2016). Exclusive: Why we strock in Agatu Fulani herdsmen. Premium Times.
Retrieved 14th June 2017 from http://www.premiumtimesng. com/news/headlines/2004 26-exlusive-struck-agatu-fulani-
herdsmen.html
[29]. Mayowa, J.T., and Omojola, A.S., (2014). Climate change, human security and Communal clashes in Nigeria.
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/216411288 Doi:10.13140/2.1.2218.5928
[30]. Moritz, M., (2006). "Changing Contexts and Dynamics of Farmer-Herder Conflicts Across West Africa; In: Canadian
Journal of African Studies; 40, 1: iv
[31]. NPC (National Population Commission): (2007). Population Census of Federal Republic of Nigeria. NPC, Abuja
Nwosu, C., (2017). Between Fulani Herdsmen and Farmers. Retrieved 15th June 2017 from
http://www.republic.com.ng/aprimary-2017/fulani-herdsmen-farmers/
[32]. Nworgu, B.G., (2006). Education Research Basic Issues and Methodology. Ibadan,Wisdom Publisher
[33]. Odoh, S.I., and Chialaka, F.C., (2012). Climate Change and Conflict in Nigeria: A Theoretical and Empirical
Examination of the Worsening incidence of conflict between Fulani herdsmen and farmers in northern Nigeria. Arabian
Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter) Vol. 2. No. 1: August 2012. P.120
[34]. Ofem, O.O., and Inyang, B., (2014). Livelihood and conflict dimension among crop farmers and Fulani herdsmen in
Yakurr Region of Cross River State. Mediterranean Journal of social sciences, 5(8), 512-519
[35]. Ofuoku, A.U., and Isife, B.I., (2009). Causes, effects and resolutions of farmers nomadic cattle herders
conflict in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 1(2),047-054
[36]. Ojiya, E.A., Ajie, H.A., and Mamman, A.B., (2017). Cattle Rearing and its Contribution to the Nigerian Economy:
An Econometric Analysis. Triple Research Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH). Vol.1 (1): 006-015 p. 2
[37]. Okoli, A.I., Atelhe, G.A., (2014). Nomads against Natives: A Political Ecology of Herder/Farmer Conflicts in
Nasarawa State, Nigeria, American International Journal Contemporary Resource. 4(2):76-88
[38]. Olarewaju, F., (2010). Law and security in Nigeria. Nigerian institute of Advanced legal studies: Environmental
Degradation and Nigeria's National Security; Making Connections.
[39]. Olugbenga, E.O., (2013). The impact of migration on internal security: The case itinerant Fulani herdsmen in
Ekiti State, South West Nigeria, IOSP Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSP-JHSS), 16(3), 77-82
[40]. Oyama, H., (2014). Farmer-Herder Conflict, Land Rehabilitation, and Conflict Preveventation in the Sahel Region
of West Africa. African Study Mongraphs, suppl. 50: 103-122, October 2014
[41]. Philip-Eze, P.O., (2009). The Environmental Peace and conflict in Nigeria. In: Ikejiani-clark, M (ed) peace
studies and conflict resolution in Nigeria: A reader, Ibadan; Spectrum Books, Ltd, pp.389-416
[42]. PUNCH, January, 14 (2018)
[43]. The PUNCH, March, 13 (2018)
[44]. The PUNCH, June, 26 (2018)
[45]. The Daily Trust, May (2015)
[46]. Qasem, I., (2010). Resource Scarcity in the 21st Century: Conflict or Cooperation? The Hague Centre for
Strategic Studies and TNO
[47]. Shettima, A.G., and Tar, U., (2008). Farmer-Pastoralist Conflict in West Africa: Exploring the causes and
Consequences. Information, society and justice 112, 163-184
[48]. Spencer, N., (2007). "Climate change seen as 'Security Threat' by UN Security Council, US Military Expert".
http://www.wsws.org/articles/2007/apr2007/clim-a24.shml, accessed on 3rd October 2013. Statistical Year Book (2006). Borno
State Statistical Year Book 2005/6, Maiduguri Directorate of Statistical Department of Budget and Planning Govern Office.
[49]. Turner, M.D., (2004). Political Ecology and the moral dimensions of "Resource Conflicts". The case of farmer-
herder conflicts in the Sahel. Political Geography 23/7, 863-889